Compare And Contrast Education Reform - 1474 Words

An educational system is a means to develop a workforce, to improve the socioeconomic status of the poor via social mobility, and to create a shared culture. Given these important roles, educational systems are targets for social reformers. Joseph Lancaster and Arne Duncan were both education reformers with strong and influential ideas about what and how students are taught. Lancaster was a London schoolmaster and eventual leader of the Monitorial education reform movement in the early 1800s. Duncan was the US Secretary of Education from 2009-2015, and led an era of active federal education reform. In comparing and contrasting these two educational reformers from the past and present, there are more similarities than differences.†¦show more content†¦Recent United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan was still trying to accomplish the same goal. In Lancaster s book Improvements in Education he argues people should invest money into the education of the poor. â€Å"W hy then so eager in the pursuit of riches? and why not rather pay that attention to the infant poor, which their wants requires?† (Improvements in Education). This line demonstrates that Lancaster believes people should put money towards the education of the poor so that they can have a chance to better their place in society. Lancaster tried to lower the cost of education by developing the monitorial system of education which uses less teachers and so lowers salary costs. This is similar to Arne Duncan s emphasis on investing more money into education and in managing costs. At the end of his term, The Washington Post reported â€Å"his agency directed $100 billion in stimulus funds to districts small and large that were otherwise facing severe job cuts in the wake of the 2008 recession. The move preserved an estimated 350,000 teaching jobs.† In his speeches, Duncan said that â€Å"states and institutions of higher education will need to meet us halfway in doing more to keep college costs down and boost completion†. This statement made by Duncan shows that both he and Lancaster have similar ideas on the cost of education, they both believe that education was a social investment and that the cost of education should be lowered so poorer people canShow MoreRelatedAll The King s Men By Robert Penn Warren889 Words   |  4 Pagespersonal story of Jack as the latter comes to realize his responsibility for the world around him. The insight that this book gives on politician life’s can compare and contrast history events thought the different themes like visions of America, alcohol, politics, and education. To begin, the theme of the visions of America is used to compare and constant history events. The U.S. s history of slavery continues to trouble generations of Americans and impacts Americans view of themselves. The bookRead MoreStony Brook 386774 Words   |  4 Pagesaccording to Ibn Khaldun?- According to Ibn Khaldun the rise and fall of the dynasties in the middle east can be directly correlated to the different social structures that tribes would embrace. Which will lead to a better military structure. Compare and contrast the organization of the Arabian tribes with that of the Turko-mongolian tribes of inner asia? The Arabian and turk0- monoglian had some similarities but they also had many differences I will first start with their similarities. Both the ArabianRead MoreStalin and Mao960 Words   |  4 PagesHong Kong Diploma of Secondary School Education History School-based Assessment Task One Study Outline Name of Student : Cheng Ho Wai, Gavin Class : 5A Class No.: 06 Title : Compare and contrast economic policies of Stalin (5 Years Plan) and Mao (First 5 Year Plan Three Red Banners) Study Outline : The first half of the 20th century saw the rise of some single-party states and the rise to power of some of the famous and controversial figures. Leaders of theseRead MoreAlexander II vs Alexander III752 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast the domestic policies of Alexander II and Alexander III Alexander II and his successor and son, Alexander III, inherited Russia in different states and degrees of turmoil. Due to these pressures, both were required to make alterations to the systems in place, such as that of politics and economics. However the natures of their crisis were different and therefore the subsequent modifications varied and were, in many cases, controversial. Alexander II came to power in 1855Read MoreAnalysis Of The Article President Bush Announced On A Nation At Risk982 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization According to the article President Bush announced on April 18, 1991 he wanted to achieve six national education goals by the year 2000. . There are six objectives: (1) To guarantee that every child starts school ready to learn; (2) To raise the high school graduation rate to 90%; (3) To ensure that every student leaving the 4th, 8th, and 12th grades can demonstrate competence in core subjects; (4) To make students fir it in the world in math and science achievements; (5) To ensureRead MoreCharter Schools Are The Best Schools1608 Words   |  7 Pagesmillennials’ future actions and beliefs. David and Jack Cahn are millennial activists and journalists whose book was publicized by Post Hills Press in 2014. Their whole book covers present day events like running presidents and problems with debt, school reform, and the controversy on legalizing of Marijuana. Just recently some of theses events changed from present to historic. Their focus in this chapter is that â€Å"the most successful ‘school choice’ initiative is the charter school movement† (pg.183). TheRead MoreWhy Education Systems Has Success, And The Lack Of The American Education System1585 Words   |  7 Pagesstill had questions about why education systems had success, and the lack thereof in the United States. I started my research by looking at articles about America’s education system. I used the keywords â€Å"American education system,† â€Å"American education spending,† and â€Å"Global education rankings.† An article from the CBS News explained that the United States ranked first in spending per student. However, an article from the Guardian showed that we were only 14th in education. This was intriguing becauseRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 PagesName: Crystal Henrick FL6132 Compare and contrast the various early European urban theorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopesRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower and Civil Rights Act Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesDouglas Mac Arthur HUAC The Hollywood 10 Alger Hiss Whittaker Chambers Richard Nixon J. Edgar Hoover Klaus Fuchs Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Joseph McCarthy Red Scare Adlai Stevenson Dwight D. Eisenhower Sputnik NASA National Defense Education Act John Foster Dulles â€Å"Massive Retaliation† â€Å"Brinkmanship† Shah of Iran Gammel Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis Fidel Castro Hungarian Revolution Nikita Khrushchev U-2 â€Å"Military Industrial Complex The Bay of Pigs Berlin Wall Cuban MissileRead MoreEssay on comparing alexander II and alexander III887 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast the social and economic policies of Alexander II (1855-81) and Alexander III (1881-94) of Russia. Alexander II and Alexander III were both Tsars of Russia and they both believed in the divine will to rule the people. However Alexander II is said to be more liberal than Alexander III though they were both conservative in one way or the other in their social and economic policies because they both wanted to remain with the power over the people. Alexander II was more relaxed

Essay about Italian and Northern European Renaissance

Italian and Northern European Renaissance The Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances were both an important mark in history by changing the ideals of life, thought, culture, and art of the people’s of this time. In this paper I will explain the motive for change in these cultures, including the similarities and differences of the two cultures. The Italian and Northern European Renaissance was the marking point for leaving behind the old ways and moving into the more classical ideals and civilizations for Italy and Northern Europe. However, Northern Europe developed their ideals more slowly then Italy did. â€Å"For one thing, the north held on to Gothic (or Middle Ages) art and architecture with a tighter, longer grip†¦show more content†¦The classical aspects were used to humanize the Christian and secular buildings. The High Renaissance in Italy, although short lived, was extremely important on the influences of future Italian art. During the High Renaissance the main focus on Florence, for the arts, shifted to Rome due to the power and wealth from the popes. Because of the move from Florence to Rome, the two most important factors of this time, Classicism and Christianity, were merged into one. â€Å"Italian ideas were also brought northward through trade and commerce into Europe, where they had a tremendous amount of influence on the artistic traditions there as well† (Benton amp; DiYanni, 2008). Both the Italian and Northern European Renaissance had interest in changing their ideals in individualism, humanism, and classicism, which has a large impact on their cultures, and arts. Many of the literary works of this time expressed the same interests between Italy and Northern Europe. Examples can be seen in the writings of Petrarch (Italian) and Michel de Montaigne (Northern European). Both of these writers expressed the importance and idealism of humanism. The literature during this time was a wonderful looking glass into the similarities and differences of Italy and Northern Europe. After looking at the Italian and Northern Europe Renaissances, one can see the many similarities between the arts and cultures, but the differences of these cultures are notShow MoreRelatedWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think ofRead MoreThe Renaissance And Its Impact On The European Renaissance1694 Words   |  7 Pagesrise again, a giant scale cultural revolution like never before was slowly beginning to sweep over Europe. Becoming what we now know as the European Renaissance, every aspect of European life changed because of this revolution. The Renaissance began a renewed interest in the people to seek knowledge and question what the world around them meant. The Renaissance wasn’t just about learning however, it included exploring the world, art, and focusing on what the human being had to offer in society. ThisRead Mor eArt Of The Renaissance : Questions And Vocabulary1283 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Cho 8/28/16 AP European History 1-2 12.5 Assignment 12.5 (Art in the Renaissance) Assignment- Questions and Vocabulary Terms: Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, Perspective, Guild, Artisan, Apprentice, Patron, High Renaissance, Pope Julius II, Michelangelo, Northern Renaissance, madrigal. 1) Giotti di Bondone (1266-1337) was an Italian artist and architect from Florence in the very late Middle Ages. He is considered to be one of the most important artists in Italy because he contributed greatly toRead MoreEssay on The Unique Art Produced During the Renaissance790 Words   |  4 PagesThe renaissance or â€Å"rebirth† was a cultural awakening which spanned from the fourteenth to sixteenth century. A growing interest in humanist traits and classical ideas heavily influenced the art during the renaissance. A growing community of artists provided much needed competition for their profession. The renaissance introduced many different and modern ideas but also remained obedient to classical belief. The unique art of the renaissance spread throughout Europe. Northern European art differedRead MoreAdoration Of The Magi And Bruegi Analysis1044 Words   |  5 Pages The two paintings Adoration of the Magi, by Botticelli, and Peasant wedding, by Pieter Bruegel the Elder are both Renaissance art works made in the 14th and 15th centuries. Botticelli completed the Adoration of the Magi during the Italian Renaissance. The piece was commissioned by Cosimo de’ Medici and encaptures the Medici family witnessing the birth of Jesus Christ. Likewise, Pieter Bruegel the Elder completed the painting Pheasant Wedding in 1567, which is a depiction of the local pheasant’sRead MoreTo What Extent Is the Term Renaissance a Valid Concept for a Distinct Period in Early Modern European History?623 Words   |  3 Pages1. To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? During the 14th to 17th century, a new golden age emerged. This age was characterized the Renaissance. Led by northern Italian cities, the Renaissance was fundamentally by economic growth, as Europeans sought to achieve higher standards of intellect. The Renaissance marked the beginning of Modern history. It subsequently revived their socio cultural achievements, developing ideas ofRead MoreThe Renaissance And The Medieval Period1658 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is new about the Renaissance, compared to the medieval period that we studied in the last unit? The word Renaissance means revival or rebirth. This word comes from the European civilizations that follows behind the Middle Ages. It was held to characterize an interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance dealt with the discovery and exploration of new continents, a decline in the growth of commerce and feudal systems. This new birth of resurrection is considered to have begunRead MoreThe Bubonic Plague And The Renaissance865 Words   |  4 PagesSurvey of Modern History I 10 February 2015 The Bubonic Plague and the Renaissance The Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, is believed to have originated in China and was brought to Europe in the mid 1300s by traveling merchants. Outbreaks of this epidemic traveled across the continent and spared no one; neither young nor old were immune to its deadly powers. Its rapid spread decimated nearly half of the European population during a short period of less than 15 years. The plague dramaticallyRead MoreRecovery And Rebirth : The Age Of The Renaissance1414 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance Meaning and Characteristics of the Renaissance **Italian Renaissance primarily of the wealthy upper class of elite rather than mass movement** Urban Society Renaissance Italy a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy (mid-14th century) was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts surrounding. the city-states were the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. aRead MoreWhat is Culture?1622 Words   |  7 Pagesand religion of the Italian region all combine to form one of the richest cultures on planet earth. This culture has also been a key influencer of western culture as a whole. By better understanding these cultural tenants, one may better understand how to interact with and affect change inside this complex culture. Many societies have had influence on the Italian peninsula. These cultures include, but are not limited to the Etruscans, Greeks, Turks, Jews and Northern European Germanic tribes.

Normative Economics Free Essays

Republican and democratic candidates in the upcoming elections have tabled proposals on how to reform healthcare in the country. They all agree on need for reforms but differ on the proposed action. The debate has been sparked by reports indicating that many Americans are uninsured. We will write a custom essay sample on Normative Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to U.S census bureau, 47 million Americans were uninsured in 2006 up from 44.8 million in 2005. An increase of 22 million or 15.8%. The proportion of the insured by government schemes also went down from 27.3% to 27.0% in that year (www.census.gov 2007).   A report by families USA puts the figures much higher. It indicates that 89.6 million Americans below 65 years of age were uninsured at time in the last two years. (www.familiesusa.org) These figures show that there really is a health insurance crisis in the country. This is by far biggest subject of the health reform debate in the country. Republicans propose that the government provide incentives for the poor to get private life insurance. They oppose government playing on active role in provision of insurance cover. The Democrats on their part advocate for a universal health care plan. Their proposals require that everybody must get covered. Thesis Democrats have a better health reform agenda than the Republicans. The Democrats proposal to make health care affordable and accessible to all Americans is better than the republican proposal, which offer, subsidizes low-income families. Proponent’s Position. Democrats propose that to reform the health sector the government must come in to promote accessibility by all Americans through universal coverage. (www.democrats.org, 2007) Opponent’s Position Republicans emphasize on reforms in healthcare based on free market principles they would offer incentives to the people to taking private life insurance policies. (www.gop.com, 2007) Proponent’s Position Democrats have come up with a plan that ensures that everybody is covered and paying a premium that is within their means. They support a universal health care plan. The health plan targets the uninsured and those not satisfied with their current insurance. Senator Hillary’s American Health Choices Plan requires that the government and big employees make contribution to the employee’s health plan. Small businesses on their part will be let off. They wont contribute but will in fact receive tax credits so that they are able to cover their employees. Under the AHCP, insurance and drug companies will use be highly regulated. Insurance companies will not deny anybody cover due to a pre-existing condition for they foresee somebody falling sick. The drug manufacturers will be pushed to lower the cost of medication. She identifies the greed of these two industries as a major limiting factor to affordable health care for all.   In the AHCP, individuals must get insured. It is called ‘choices’ plan as it allows one to choose whether to retain current cover or get into the one provided by government. Individuals will pay a premium that is within their means. To keep the premiums low, they will be capped to correspond to individual’s income. This way nobody will be required to pay more than they can afford. The plan also avails tax credit to working families. That way, they are able to access quality insurance cover. The plan also aims at expanding Medicaid and children’s health insurance program to reach more people. John Edwards, another Democratic candidate unveiled almost similar plan to that of Senator Clinton. It also agitates for universal coverage with employers to government making contribution. The plan is also mandatory for all Americans. (johnedwards.com, 2007). To fund these grand plans, the candidates have indicated that they will rescind tax breaks and subsidies to insurance providers. Senator Clinton also requires that large employers make contribution towards their employee’s health cover. Her plan also emphasizes on cost cutting through increased efficiency and use of preventive medication Strengths of The Democrats’ Proposal. The proposed universal health care plans ensures that everybody affords insurance cover Senator Clinton’s AHCP ensures that every body is covered and paying an affordable premium. It makes it mandatory for all people to get health insurance coverage but allows them the choice of their policy. This way it does not force one in to buying insurance cover they are not comfortable with. The proposed plan also ensures that nobody is denied insurance coverage. Insurance providers are obliged to provide cover for all without discrimination on the grounds of a pre-existing condition or in anticipation of illness. This brings in a big number of people who were shunned by insurance companies due to condition such as schizophrenia and HIV/ AIDS. (www.democrats.org, 2007) The plan does not require small businesses to contribute to the universal health care plan rather it grants them tax credits. This way the employees of these small businesses stay afloat. This will be incentive for small businesses to expand. The AHCP also emphasizes on cost cutting in health care. It champions preventive measures that are cheaper than curative medication. It also champions greater efficiency and modernization in health care delivery that would bring down costs Weaknesses The universal health plan requires huge funding and this may result to higher taxes for the American public. Senator Clinton puts the cost of her plan at $110 billion while John Edward put his at $120 billion. The figure is tentative and might go higher than that. The planned source may also not deliver as much funds as projected senator Clintons plan to generate savings by boosting efficiency may also not generate enough funds. This would leave only the options of a tax rise as John Edwards concedes. (www.ontheissue.org) Higher taxes will burden the public further and will not be welcome. Government involvement will cause inefficiencies in service delivery. Government involvement will only lead to a huge bureaucracy with a lot of red tape. This might aggravate the crisis. Without a profit motive, he plan might offer sluggish and poor quality services Opponents’ position Republican candidates propose that the government subsidize low-income families to help them access health care rather than providing a universal plan as a way to enhance accessibility. The Republican are opposed to government involvement in provision of health insurance. (www.gop.com, 2007) Rudy Giuliani, a Republican candidate in his plan offers tax deductions of $15,000 to families and $7500 for individuals. These deductions will enable families to access health care. He also proposes to give families and individuals vouchers to buy policies. He would encourage individuals buy covers of their choice as a way to make savings. Individuals would have to pay for minor check-ups as they would to their cars. He also stressed the need for people to take care of their health and not leave it to the government. (Elliott, Philip, 2007) Mitt Romney is agitating for individuals to purchase private insurance. He stresses that government interference will worsen the situation. He proposed tax breaks but not universal coverage plan. That would push up taxes. (www.ontheissues.org, 2007) The Republican propose that health insurance should be left to individual’s choices rather than employer and government schemes. They offer what they call an American solution to the problem. They stand for free market principles and are opposed to socialist tendencies in health care. They do not require that everybody must have health insurance cover. They justify try to create an incentive for individuals to join. Strengths of The Republicans proposals The Republican proposals ensure that the freedom of choice of consumers is safeguarded. Since they know their health better, individuals will decide on which policy in the market suits them best. Health saving plans as proposed by republicans will encourage individuals to save for future health expenses. This will promote more health lifestyle among the people. The insured gain more control over the financing of their health care. Tax deductions and vouchers would enable a big number of people to access quality health care. Neither would they disrupt health care delivery the way universal plan would. These fiscal measures are actually being implemented and would not be experimental. The republican proposals are business friendly in that they do not require large employers to make huge contributions to their employee’s health covers They also come up with a health care service that is free of long bureaucratic procedures. Different insurance providers will compete to provide the most efficient and customer friendly covers. (www.joinrudy2008.com) Weaknesses The republicans fail to address the issue rising medical costs and rising insurance premiums. They give the insurance companies a free hand that results in only higher policies. The subsidies offered may not be adequate to male health insurance cover affordable to all people. This will lead to part of the population remaining uncovered. Most of the proposals made are similar to those implemented under the Bush administration. They are not offering any new solutions to the persisting problems of skyrocketing premiums and medical costs. They emphasize on free market principles that have put the countries in its current predicament. The republican proposals do not tackle the issue of discrimination by the insurance industry insurance providers are not obligated to cover people with pre-existing conditions. Vouchers will not be of any use to such people as they will not get covers anyway Conclusion The democrats’ health agenda is definitely better than the republican agenda on health. It talks the failures of the healthcare system in place today. The democrats have tabled plans on how to make health care more affordable and accessible that are more convincing. They require that every body be covered while leaving rooms for choice on the policy. Their plan covers everybody and also ensures that the premiums are affordable. The net wise in taxes will not be huge as the cost of not implementing the plan. When sick people cannot pay for their health cover the community will have to bear the burden. Universal coverage has been implemented in other advanced countries and would also improve health care in the US. References: Highlights, 2007. Health insurance coverage: 2006. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from    http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/hlthin06/hlth06asc.html A Healthcare That Works for Everybody, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.democrats.org/a/national/affordable_health_care/ Making Healthcare Affordable to all Americans, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.gop.com/Issues/HealthCare/ American Health Choices Plan, 2007. Hillary for president. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.hillaryclinton.com/feature/healthcareplan/summary.aspx Healthcare, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://johnedwards.com/issues/health-care/ Mayor Rudy Giuliani’s health plan, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.joinrudy2008.com/commitment.php?num=7 Mitt Romney on Healthcare, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Mitt_Romney_Health_Care.htm Elliott, Philip, 2007. Giuliani: Dems Want Nanny Government. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from  Ã‚   http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070730/D8QN4AHO0.html How to cite Normative Economics, Essay examples Normative Economics Free Essays Republican and democratic candidates in the upcoming elections have tabled proposals on how to reform healthcare in the country. They all agree on need for reforms but differ on the proposed action. The debate has been sparked by reports indicating that many Americans are uninsured. We will write a custom essay sample on Normative Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to U.S census bureau, 47 million Americans were uninsured in 2006 up from 44.8 million in 2005. An increase of 22 million or 15.8%. The proportion of the insured by government schemes also went down from 27.3% to 27.0% in that year (www.census.gov 2007).   A report by families USA puts the figures much higher. It indicates that 89.6 million Americans below 65 years of age were uninsured at time in the last two years. (www.familiesusa.org) These figures show that there really is a health insurance crisis in the country. This is by far biggest subject of the health reform debate in the country. Republicans propose that the government provide incentives for the poor to get private life insurance. They oppose government playing on active role in provision of insurance cover. The Democrats on their part advocate for a universal health care plan. Their proposals require that everybody must get covered. Thesis Democrats have a better health reform agenda than the Republicans. The Democrats proposal to make health care affordable and accessible to all Americans is better than the republican proposal, which offer, subsidizes low-income families.   Proponent’s Position. Democrats propose that to reform the health sector the government must come in to promote accessibility by all Americans through universal coverage. (www.democrats.org, 2007) Opponent’s Position Republicans emphasize on reforms in healthcare based on free market principles they would offer incentives to the people to taking private life insurance policies. (www.gop.com, 2007) Proponent’s Position Democrats have come up with a plan that ensures that everybody is covered and paying a premium that is within their means. They support a universal health care plan. The health plan targets the uninsured and those not satisfied with their current insurance. Senator Hillary’s American Health Choices Plan requires that the government and big employees make contribution to the employee’s health plan. Small businesses on their part will be let off. They wont contribute but will in fact receive tax credits so that they are able to cover their employees. Under the AHCP, insurance and drug companies will use be highly regulated. Insurance companies will not deny anybody cover due to a pre-existing condition for they foresee somebody falling sick. The drug manufacturers will be pushed to lower the cost of medication. She identifies the greed of these two industries as a major limiting factor to affordable health care for all. In the AHCP, individuals must get insured. It is called ‘choices’ plan as it allows one to choose whether to retain current cover or get into the one provided by government. Individuals will pay a premium that is within their means. To keep the premiums low, they will be capped to correspond to individual’s income. This way nobody will be required to pay more than they can afford. The plan also avails tax credit to working families. That way, they are able to access quality insurance cover. The plan also aims at expanding Medicaid and children’s health insurance program to reach more people. John Edwards, another Democratic candidate unveiled almost similar plan to that of Senator Clinton. It also agitates for universal coverage with employers to government making contribution. The plan is also mandatory for all Americans. (johnedwards.com, 2007). To fund these grand plans, the candidates have indicated that they will rescind tax breaks and subsidies to insurance providers. Senator Clinton also requires that large employers make contribution towards their employee’s health cover. Her plan also emphasizes on cost cutting through increased efficiency and use of preventive medication Strengths of The Democrats’ Proposal. The proposed universal health care plans ensures that everybody affords insurance cover Senator Clinton’s AHCP ensures that every body is covered and paying an affordable premium. It makes it mandatory for all people to get health insurance coverage but allows them the choice of their policy. This way it does not force one in to buying insurance cover they are not comfortable with. The proposed plan also ensures that nobody is denied insurance coverage. Insurance providers are obliged to provide cover for all without discrimination on the grounds of a pre-existing condition or in anticipation of illness. This brings in a big number of people who were shunned by insurance companies due to condition such as schizophrenia and HIV/ AIDS. (www.democrats.org, 2007) The plan does not require small businesses to contribute to the universal health care plan rather it grants them tax credits. This way the employees of these small businesses stay afloat. This will be incentive for small businesses to expand. The AHCP also emphasizes on cost cutting in health care. It champions preventive measures that are cheaper than curative medication. It also champions greater efficiency and modernization in health care delivery that would bring down costs Weaknesses The universal health plan requires huge funding and this may result to higher taxes for the American public. Senator Clinton puts the cost of her plan at $110 billion while John Edward put his at $120 billion. The figure is tentative and might go higher than that. The planned source may also not deliver as much funds as projected senator Clintons plan to generate savings by boosting efficiency may also not generate enough funds. This would leave only the options of a tax rise as John Edwards concedes. (www.ontheissue.org) Higher taxes will burden the public further and will not be welcome. Government involvement will cause inefficiencies in service delivery. Government involvement will only lead to a huge bureaucracy with a lot of red tape. This might aggravate the crisis. Without a profit motive, he plan might offer sluggish and poor quality services Opponents’ position Republican candidates propose that the government subsidize low-income families to help them access health care rather than providing a universal plan as a way to enhance accessibility. The Republican are opposed to government involvement in provision of health insurance. (www.gop.com, 2007) Rudy Giuliani, a Republican candidate in his plan offers tax deductions of $15,000 to families and $7500 for individuals. These deductions will enable families to access health care. He also proposes to give families and individuals vouchers to buy policies. He would encourage individuals buy covers of their choice as a way to make savings. Individuals would have to pay for minor check-ups as they would to their cars. He also stressed the need for people to take care of their health and not leave it to the government. (Elliott, Philip, 2007) Mitt Romney is agitating for individuals to purchase private insurance. He stresses that government interference will worsen the situation. He proposed tax breaks but not universal coverage plan. That would push up taxes. (www.ontheissues.org, 2007) The Republican propose that health insurance should be left to individual’s choices rather than employer and government schemes. They offer what they call an American solution to the problem. They stand for free market principles and are opposed to socialist tendencies in health care. They do not require that everybody must have health insurance cover. They justify try to create an incentive for individuals to join. Strengths of The Republicans proposals The Republican proposals ensure that the freedom of choice of consumers is safeguarded. Since they know their health better, individuals will decide on which policy in the market suits them best. Health saving plans as proposed by republicans will encourage individuals to save for future health expenses. This will promote more health lifestyle among the people. The insured gain more control over the financing of their health care. Tax deductions and vouchers would enable a big number of people to access quality health care. Neither would they disrupt health care delivery the way universal plan would. These fiscal measures are actually being implemented and would not be experimental. The republican proposals are business friendly in that they do not require large employers to make huge contributions to their employee’s health covers They also come up with a health care service that is free of long bureaucratic procedures. Different insurance providers will compete to provide the most efficient and customer friendly covers. (www.joinrudy2008.com) Weaknesses The republicans fail to address the issue rising medical costs and rising insurance premiums. They give the insurance companies a free hand that results in only higher policies. The subsidies offered may not be adequate to male health insurance cover affordable to all people. This will lead to part of the population remaining uncovered. Most of the proposals made are similar to those implemented under the Bush administration. They are not offering any new solutions to the persisting problems of skyrocketing premiums and medical costs. They emphasize on free market principles that have put the countries in its current predicament.   The republican proposals do not tackle the issue of discrimination by the insurance industry insurance providers are not obligated to cover people with pre-existing conditions. Vouchers will not be of any use to such people as they will not get covers anyway Conclusion The democrats’ health agenda is definitely better than the republican agenda on health. It talks the failures of the healthcare system in place today. The democrats have tabled plans on how to make health care more affordable and accessible that are more convincing. They require that every body be covered while leaving rooms for choice on the policy. Their plan covers everybody and also ensures that the premiums are affordable. The net wise in taxes will not be huge as the cost of not implementing the plan. When sick people cannot pay for their health cover the community will have to bear the burden. Universal coverage has been implemented in other advanced countries and would also improve health care in the US. References: Highlights, 2007. Health insurance coverage: 2006. Retrieved on 04/10/07 A Healthcare That Works for Everybody, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.democrats.org/a/national/affordable_health_care/ Making Healthcare Affordable to all Americans, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.gop.com/Issues/HealthCare/ American Health Choices Plan, 2007. Hillary for president. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.hillaryclinton.com/feature/healthcareplan/summary.aspx Healthcare, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://johnedwards.com/issues/health-care/ Mayor Rudy Giuliani’s health plan, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.joinrudy2008.com/commitment.php?num=7 Mitt Romney on Healthcare, 2007. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from http://www.ontheissues.org/2008/Mitt_Romney_Health_Care.htm Elliott, Philip, 2007. Giuliani: Dems Want Nanny Government. Retrieved on 04/10/07 from  Ã‚   http://apnews.myway.com/article/20070730/D8QN4AHO0.html How to cite Normative Economics, Essay examples

Public Health Emergency Medicine in USA

Question: Describe about FDA alerts health care professionals and patients not to use products from the Prescription Center pharmacy in Fayetteville, N.C.? Answer: In now a day, the people or patients of the United States of America could not use the medicine, which is produced and distributed by Prescription Center pharmacy. The Prescription Center pharmacy is situated in 915 Hay St. Fayetteville, near North Carolina. Before of some month ago, the United States Food and Drugs Organization were collaborate with the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy (NC BOP) (fda.gov, 2015). Both of the organization or administration are produce and distributed health care products to the market of the United States in America but suddenly according to some scrutiny or examination by the government body it is clear that the patients or people did not use the health care products or medicine, which is basically manufacture as well as distributed by the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy (NC BOP). The produced health care products of the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy (NC BOP) are basically examine and inspect and it is clearly found some side effects of the products and by the using or the health care products and medicine so many people are facing some unwanted diseases. For that reason the health care products as well as the medicine was not in use. Mainly the defective products are found in the distributed health care products and medicine in duration between at 10th September, 2014 to 10th March, 2015. The main issue of avoid the health care products and medicine of North Carolina Board of Pharmacy (NC BOP) is due to its quality. References (2015). Retrieved 3 April 2015, from https://FDA alerts health care professionals and patients not to use products from the Prescription Center pharmacy in Fayetteville, N.C. Fda.gov,. (2015).FDA alerts health care professionals and patients not to use products from the Prescription Center pharmacy in Fayetteville, N.C.. Retrieved 3 April 2015, from https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm440974.htm

A global issue Recession

Introduction Recession is defined as a decline in economic performance over a given period of time. Generally, recession is a decline in economic performance for a period of more than two financial quarters (BBC News, 2008). There are different measures of economic recession such as decline in GDP, unemployment rate, business confidence among others. With the introduction of globalization countries exchange goods and services and this interaction causes spill over effects of poor economic policies from one country to another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A global issue: Recession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic recession is a bad economic condition which should be discouraged by government leaders. In this paper I will discuss the most recent economic recession experienced by global economies. To narrow my discussion, I will focus my topic to the economy of New Zealand whereby I will explain the effe cts of the recession on the economy of New Zealand. Later I will explain measures put in place by the government to reduce the recession. Causes of the global economic recession of the 2008/2009 The global economic recession experienced in 2008 and 2009 was as a result of poor banking policies adopted in the United States. The federal government implemented a policy of deregulating sub-prime mortgages in the country leading to massive investment in the policies. Many investors borrowed money from banks to purchase sub-prime mortgage policies. By definition, sub-prime mortgage are policies with a high risk of default. The heavy investment in these policies caused an economic bubble which burst in 2007 leading to huge losses by the banking industry and the mortgage industry. As a result of the increasing rate of inflation as well as the rising oil prices in the global markets, many sub-prime borrowers were unable to repay their mortgage loans (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 2010). Massive default in the mortgage policies caused bankruptcy in many banks and this led to a national crisis. All other sectors of the industry were affected and because the economy of the United States connects other world economies, spill-over effects were experienced in other countries. Global trade reduced by great margins leading to a world economic recession (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 2010). After the recession, many international organizations such as the World Bank and WTO intervened to improve trade and help governments restore their economies. In 2009 most of countries in the world started to recover from the recession. It is expected that most countries will have recovered completely from the recession in 2011. Impact of global economic recession in New Zealand The effect of the global economic recession started to be experienced in New Zealand in 2008 when the economy started to perform poorly.Advertising Loo king for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More than 5 percent decline in the real GDP in the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was experienced over the four quarters of the year 2008. In the OECD the economic recession of 2008 was the largest since the great depression. The recession was experienced in two consecutive years 2008/2009. In New Zealand the recession started in the March 2008 quarter. Between the December 2007 quarter to March 2008 quarter, the economy declined by 3.3 percent and this was the greatest drop in economic performance in the history of New Zealand (The Treasury, 2010). However, the country never experienced the worst economic recession because there was a sound financial system which supported the economy during this turbulent period as compared to other OECD nations. Source: The Treasury (2010) The banking industry was adversely aff ected by the economic recession of the 2008/2009 in New Zealand. The lending capacity of most banks was reduced such that there were no funds available to lend to the general public. Many banks collapsed while the remaining banks had no lending capacity. Credit availability was reduced and investors could not obtain loan from banks. As a result all other sectors of the economy were affected because the banking sector is a link to all other sectors of the economy (Braddock, 2008). The profitability in the banking industry reduced by great margins during the recession and this caused low investor confidence. Investment levels, both domestic and direct foreign investment, reduced leading to retarded economic growth. It is well known that investor confidence reduces during recession therefore, during the 2008/2009 recession most of investors feared investing in most of the industries. The labour market was the worst hit by the economic recession. Generally, in OECD countries unemploymen t was reported to have declined by from 5.7 percent to 8.6 percent from 2008 to 2009. This resulted to approximately 15 million people being unemployed in the OECD nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A global issue: Recession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New Zealand experienced an increase in unemployment rate from 3 percent to 6.5 percent by September 2009. Compared to other previous recessions of 1991 and 1998, the unemployment rate was the lowest (unemployment rate in 1991 was 11.2 percent and 7.9 percent in 1998) (The Treasury, 2010). The global recession caused reduction in trade leading to decline in the opportunities for employment in New Zealand. The overall effect was massive unemployment in most industries in the country. It is a general economic concept that when the rate of unemployment increases the income level of the people decline leading to high poverty levels. High rates of inflation w ere experienced in New Zealand during the recession. Inflation is the persistent and continuous increase in the prices of products over a given period of time. Inflation during an economic recession is a common happening and this reduces the purchasing power of consumers in the economy. The living standards of most people in New Zealand reduced during the 2008/2009 economic recession. The food prices in the country escalated and many people were affected by hunger making them economically unproductive (Braddock, 2008). The economic recession affected trade in the country such that imports exceeded the imports. The government had to import a lot of food products to feed the large number of hungry citizens, poverty levels were high and there was need to increase production in the economy to create more opportunities for employment. New Zealand experienced a trade deficit during the recession causing low GDP during this period. Production in almost all sectors of the economy was reduce d leading to adverse effects on the level of output of industries in the country. The government had to intervene by establishing economic policies which would favour trade within the country and with other countries. To enhance trade the government had to use both fiscal and monetary tools to bring back the economy to normal (International Monetary Fund, 2010). Possible responses to the changes caused by the recession In late 2009 the economy of New Zealand started to recover after the government employed both fiscal and monetary policies. However, the rate of unemployment was still high during this period and a lot of investment was required to reduce the rate to sustainable levels.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To reduce the impacts of the economic recession, the government of New Zealand liaised with global organizations such as IMF and World Bank to fund projects which would improve the economy. To improve trade, the government has established partnerships with other countries to increase the amount of products traded in the international market. The WTO has also intervened by removing most of the barriers to trade which had been established by governments as a measure to curb the spill-over effects of the recession. The government has borrowed a lot of funds to recover from the recession. To finance the trade deficit the country had, the government had to borrow from IMF to finance some projects which would improve the economic performance (International Monetary Fund, 2010). Conclusion Economic recession is a period of reduced economic performance when all sectors are affected. New Zealand was adversely affected by the recession in 2008 and 2009 but by the beginning of 2010 the economy had started to regain. The banking industry was the worst hit by the recession which led to reduction in performance of all other sectors of the economy in the global scene. High rates of unemployment, inflation and other adverse effects of recession were experienced in New Zealand and other countries in the world. Sound financial policies should be developed by the government to enhance economic stability even during turbulent seasons. References BBC News (2008). New Zealand falls into recession. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7637143.stm Braddock, J. (2008). New Zealand economy sliding into recession. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/03/newz-m24.html International Monetary Fund (2010). New Zealand: 2009 Article IV Consultation. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD (2010). OECD Economic Surveys: United States 2010. OECD Publishing. ISBN 9264083286, 9789264083288. The Treasury (2010). Special Topic: Recession and recovery in the OECD. Web. This essay on A global issue: Recession was written and submitted by user Ulises F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Emotion That Makes The World Go ‘Round

. Why do people spend their entire lives searching for love? What is so special about it that makes people do such foolish things? Love is the most indescribable emotion in the world. I am still yet to experience the actual feeling of love, but my perspective on the feeling is that love is something that is unspoken, and known. If you are truly in love with a person, their feelings come before yours, and you would give up absolutely anything so that that person never had to experience one ounce of pain. Everyone has a soul mate, that one person that they are destined to find, and are completely compatible with. Compatible not meaning that the two people are the same, because it is peoples differences that tend to make a relationship stronger. Love is a common experience amongst colleg... Free Essays on The Emotion That Makes The World Go ‘Round Free Essays on The Emotion That Makes The World Go ‘Round The Emotion that Makes the World Go ‘Round People spend their entire life searching for love, while most have no have no clue what love actually is. I have spent 18 years searching for love, and trying to figure out what love is. I have come up with two definite things in my search for love; one is that love does exist and two is that I have never been in it. I’m not talking about the love that a person has for their parents, but the love that you share with another human being, because you have made that connection on all levels, and cant picture your life without them A survey of Endicott College students have produced such answers as love is the complete infatuation and devotion to the happiness of another person and love is safe, love is something you believe in with all your heart- until it almost kills you, its not worrying about the future because you know that at least one thing in your life will be definite, and that that person will be there by your side. Love is one of the most intense of all human experie nces, and it can be found everywhere. What is love? Love is one of those emotions that is almost impossible to put into words. Why do people spend their entire lives searching for love? What is so special about it that makes people do such foolish things? Love is the most indescribable emotion in the world. I am still yet to experience the actual feeling of love, but my perspective on the feeling is that love is something that is unspoken, and known. If you are truly in love with a person, their feelings come before yours, and you would give up absolutely anything so that that person never had to experience one ounce of pain. Everyone has a soul mate, that one person that they are destined to find, and are completely compatible with. Compatible not meaning that the two people are the same, because it is peoples differences that tend to make a relationship stronger. Love is a common experience amongst colleg...

Parenting Styles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Styles - Research Paper Example 11). The excitement that accompanies parenthood makes it incomparable to any other events or experiences in life. Regardless of one’s levels of frustrations in life, children and parenting will always be a source of indefinite love, making it important that one appreciates every opportunity at parenthood. Parenting gives parents not only the opportunity to possess powers over their children but also makes them possess hitherto unachieved levels of tolerance and self-esteem. In this regard, parenting makes one realize and recognize his/her abilities in ways never imaged or thought before. For instance, one may come to appreciate his/her abilities to shape and influences other peoples’ lives through parenting (Brooks, 2011 P. 3). Executing parental duties is therefore a privilege that one should enjoy and it is for the above reasons that I would become a parent. Although parents have quite a number of duties and responsibilities as far as bringing up their children is concerned, some of the parental duties are more crucial to the life a child than others are. One such parenting job is to train the children to be obedient to the society by breaking them of their wills. It is not the role of a parent to please a child by allowing the child’s will to prevail. Instead, a parent should train his/her child to follow the will not only of the parent but also of the authorities and society. Allowing a child to follow his/her wish and resolve only results in disobedience. Parents should therefore instill in their children, the excellence of obedience and how it pleases the parent, community, the government, and God to be obedient (Brooks, 2011 P. 8). The other crucial job for parents is to keep their children as far away from evil company as possible. In fact, bad company is one of the most undoing dangers to children in the modern society, bo th at home and at school. Parents

Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 3 - Essay Example written, the illusion of class mobility was in existence since leaders created the assumption that strategies were put in place to minimize class differences. However, the society still had massive class based divisions. Meritocracy refers to the ability of the society to acknowledge the success of a person based on their achievements and rewards rather than their wealth and social status. Class marker is the definition towards a certain class level or perception towards a class. The article aims to change the class marker based on wealth and social superiority. In the article, the role of the media in creating class differentiations is criticized. The article criticizes the media for shielding the truth of the nature of the different class levels. In particular, the article cites that the media tends to favor the rich class as it provides information that praises the class (Mantsios 386). Information provided on the low class has limited information and depth. However, this may not be true. The modern day media provide massive information on the situation at the low class. In addition, there are increases calls to improve life in the low class as well as bridge the gap between classes. This is done by highlighting the plight of people living in the low class. Considering the era the article is created, much has been done to improve media coverage on social classes. The media then only focuses on strategies put in place to develop the high class. In addition, the low class has never been viewed as significant part of the society thus sparki ng a much less interest to the public. The main difference between the poverty and wealthy gap is the size. The income gap is determined by the ability of a society to live a comfortable life with access to social amenities. In regards to economic status, the poverty gap is disadvantages significantly. The class is poorly compensated for their services. The article uses data from the number of women with color who live wealthy

English Intensive Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

English Intensive Writing - Essay Example The game Call of Duty seems to be an FPS game that includes a lot of violence with a background of World War II, but it is really about the portrayal of justice and how the United States thinks that they are a righteous power. The task of visualizing World War II has recently been taken up by new media, particularly video games, which include Call of Duty. This has therefore created new social and political perspectives of the war other than what movies like Pearl Harbor or Saving Private Ryan would naturally point out to. World War II games features military combat. Nevertheless, more than this, the World War II game has somehow become a â€Å"resilient formula and an important way that the cultural memory of the war was activated for a growing segment of the population† (Allison 183). Thus, such games have somehow illustrated a justified military force where the United States acted as the savior of the world. One more quality of Call of Duty and other World War II shooter games is the fact that the player can take the role of â€Å"an American paratrooper, a British Special Forces operative, and a Russian tank commander,† thus adding an element of equality to the game, or the idea that other countries, like Great Britain and Russia, believed in America’s cause during World War II (â€Å"Exclusive First Look†). The fact that one can play more than just being an American soldier in Call of Duty somehow instills in the minds of those exposed to the game that other countries have consented to the war that America has fought long and hard. The cooperation of other countries especially powerful countries like Great Britain and Russia somehow lends to the idea that America indeed fought a worthwhile war and was therefore justified in its mission of bringing justice to the world. This makes Call of Duty similarly worthwhile, and this makes this particular shooter game highly instrumental in instilling in everyone who plays it the idea that America was the

The Role Of The Quantity Surveying Construction Essay

The Role Of The Quantity Surveying Construction Essay According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.1), the role of the quantity surveying has been defined by Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS, 1971) as ensuring that the resources of the construction industry are utilised to the best advantage of society by providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to the client and designer during the whole construction process. However, the roles of the quantity surveying profession within the contemporary built environment will be discussed as follows: Preliminary cost advice One of the quantity surveyor roles is to ensure that the proposed project is carefully constructed, in terms of costs arising throughout entire design and construction process (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.121). Quantity surveyor also acts to suggest his professional and reliable advices to his client on matter of cost at various stages during the design and construction process. However, the advices given during inception stage are vital important as the decisions taken in this stage will seriously affect the quality of works to be carried out (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.122). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.121) stated that the quantity surveyor will offer cost advice for the comparative design solutions of the alternative materials to be used or the form of construction to be adopted. Quantity surveyor is the recognized professional cost and value consultant, their measurement and valuation knowledge are without equal (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.123). Cost planning According to Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor, Ashworth Hogg (2007, p.126) stated that the cost planning process commences with the preparation of an approximate estimate and then the setting of cost targets for each element. As the design evolves, these cost targets are checked against the developing design and details for any changes in their financial allocations. Quantity surveying profession under this aspect will require the quantity surveyor to allocate the approximate estimated costs into subdivisions, known as elements within a building. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.122) stated that These elements costs can be compared against the element costs of other similar projects from the quantity surveyors cost library records. The purpose is to provide a better value of money for client. It also keeps the designer fully informed of all the cost implications of the design. Quantity surveyor might also try to reduce the estimated costs by simplifying the details without modifying the design. Besides, contract document will also be prepared on this basic to make the preparation of cost analysis easier. Cost planning will be developed and while taking account of appearance, quality and utility, the cost is planned to be within the economic boundary (Willis, Ashworth Willis, 1994, p.95) Procurement and tendering procedures It is important that quantity surveying profession to be applied during this stage. As stated by Ashworth and Hogg (2007, pp.237-238), role of quantity surveying profession in this aspect will include as follows: Recommending an organizational structure for the proposed development of a project (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Advising on the appointment of the various consultants and contractors in the knowledge of the information provided by the employer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Managing the information and coordinating the work of the different parties (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Selecting the methods for the appointment of consultants and contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Determining the employers requirement in terms of time, cost and quality (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Assessing the viability of the project and providing advice in respect of funding and taxation advantages (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) Quantity surveyor plays a crucial role to provide appropriate advices on the method of procurement to be used for clients who wish to undertake construction work (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). There are various procurement methods to deal with the different demand and various situation, client should not select an inappropriate form of procurement unwittingly (Ashworth Hogg, 2007). Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.237) stated that Quantity surveyors are in an excellent position as procurement managers with their specialist knowledge of constructions and contractual procedures. They are able to appraise the characteristic of the competing methods that might be appropriate and to match these with the particular needs and aspirations of the employer. Hence, clients are advised to seek for quantity surveyor for relevant and reliable advices or recommendation when making their decisions. Due to this, advices and recommendation provided by quantity surveyor must be independently without the int rusion of individual bias and self-interest (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.237). Contract documentation Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.243) stated that When the choice of form of contract has been decided, the next step is the preparation of the documents that will accompany the signed form of contract. The contract documents for any construction will normally include the following information: Contract drawings It includes plans, elevations and cross section. Some other additional details will also be prepared based on the complexity of the project. This will provide information for the client to get the idea of architects or engineers design intentions. The contract drawings are normally provided by architect and engineer (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, pp.243-244). However, the role of quantity surveyor is to collect the drawings and any specifications from the architect and at the same time discuss the job. There is however some more detailed questions will arise, therefore a timetable for the completion of the contract bills will be agreed, along with dates when additional detailed information and drawings can be expected (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.259) Contract bills Quantity surveyor will involve in preparation of contract bills. Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.258) stated that The appointment of the quantity surveyor is likely to have been made at early stage when early price estimates were under consideration. This may be before any drawings are available, in order to provide some cost advice to the client. Due to this, quantity surveyor will normally be needed except for on a very small project, the demand for the profession of quantity surveyor might only to be eliminated (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007, p.258). Besides, there is a condition to provide approximate quantities required for particular works for contractor who wish to submit tenders in competition. Therefore, quantity surveying firms are then sometimes involved in preparing approximate quantities depending upon the completeness of the drawings and other information from which it was prepared contractors (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.258). Articles of agreement Ashworth and Hogg (2007, p.246) stated that This is the part of the contract which the parties sign. The contract is between the employer (building owner) and the contractor (building contractor). The blank spaces in the articles are filled in with the (i) names of employer, contractor, architect and quantity surveyor; (ii) date of the signing of the contract; (iii) location and nature of the work; (iv) list of the contract drawings; (v) amount of the contract sum. Condition of contract The condition of contract includes the contractors obligation to carry out the work shown on the drawings and described in the bills to the satisfaction of the architect. They cover the matter of quality of work, cost time, nominated supplies and subcintractors insurances, fluctuation and VAT. (Ashworth Hogg, 2007, p.246)

Investigate the Osmotic Point of Equilibrium in a Potato :: GCSE Biology A2 A-Level Coursework

Investigate the Osmotic Point of Equilibrium in a Potato The following Passages are information which I have managed to find when researching the topic of Osmosis: - The cell membrane controls the movement of substances going into and out of the cells. The cell therefore controls the Chemical composition of the internal environment of the cell. It does this in two ways; Passive Process - this does not require energy Active Process - this does require energy to occur This works in principle which diffusion in which molecules and ions in a solution move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration resulting in the equal distribution of molecules. Cells membranes are selectively or partially permeable, this means moving the membrane allows certain molecules to pass through it moving freely down the concentration gradient but not others. Osmosis The cell membrane is partially permeable in that it allows some molecules to diffuse rapidly but slows the passing of others. The glucose molecules try to diffuse to the outside but cannot get through the membrane because the pores are too small. The water molecules diffuse trough the pores down the concentration gradient. This membrane- controlled diffusion of water molecuse is controlled by osmosis, it can works both ways so that it can pass into and out of the cell. Osmosis and Diffusion If water is withheld from a flowering plant, the flowers wilt. If bacterial cells are placed in concentrated salt water solution, they collapse and die. Human red blood cells placed in fresh water expand and burst. These are examples of the effects of osmosis, the process by which water passes through a cell membrane. Osmosis is possible because of the constant state of motion that exists at the atomic and molecular levels of matter. Specifically, in liquid solutions, molecules of solute (the dissolved substance) and solvent (the substance, usually liquid, in which the solute is dissolved) move about randomly, spreading from regions of high concentration into regions of low concentration. This process is called diffusion. If a cell membrane allowed an equal passage of solute and solvent, diffusion through the membrane would lead to a cell whose internal composition would be identical to its environment. This does not occur because the cell membrane is differentially permeable, or semipermeable-that is, it is permeable to some molecules but not to others. Water molecules (and dissolved gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass through the membrane much more readily than dissolved solid solutes, such as sugar and salt (see Cell, "The Cell Membrane"). If the environment is hypertonic (having a higher concentration of solute than the cell), water diffuses out of the cell.

The Color Purple

English 102 24 April 2007 Awakening of an Abused Woman â€Å"The Color Purple† is set in the rural south and told through a series of letters written by the protagonist, Celie, chronicling her journey from pain and humiliation to triumph and rebirth. Throughout most of her life she has been treated as a servant. Her only worth as a woman is for cooking, cleaning, taking care of the family and fulfilling men’s desires. She has never been taught how to love or be loved and throughout most of the novel Celie is abused and very unhappy but she thinks that this is the way women are supposed to live. It is not until she lets women into her life, which lead Celie to her epiphany, that she realizes that she deserves more out of her life and that she is worthy of respect. Through sharing relationships with them, Celie sees how women should be treated from another perspective than what she has been taught by her family. Celie’s life is one of struggle and despair. The first line of the story is what her step father told her when she was only fourteen years old, after raping and impregnating her. This statement is so profound that it explains why she is so scared of men her whole life and emotionless to the things that are done to her. The line states, â€Å"You better not never tell nobody but God. It’d kill your mammy. † (Walker, 1). It is then that she starts writing to God. She can not tell anybody what has happened to her, not even her sister, Nettie, whom she is closest to at the time. Nettie wouldn’t even understand, she thinks, because she is younger then Celie and Celie doesn’t even understand what is going on. Celie feels the only way to go through life is to remain silent and persevere. Her only outlet is through her letters to God. Celie’s stepfather, Fonso, then marries Celie off to a widower who needs a mother for his children and someone to do the housework. The widower, Mr. ___, originally came for Nettie’s hand in marriage but Fonzo refused. Fonso gives Celie to Mr. ____ instead, telling him â€Å"She ain’t fresh†¦She spoiled. Twice. †, then he goes on to say, â€Å"She ugly. But she ain’t no stranger to hard work. † (Walker, 8). This is where Celie’s self worth is really shown to her. She feels that all she is good for is the hard work she accomplishes inside the home. The way the people closest to her talk about her in combination with all the bad things that has happened to Celie makes her feel worthless. She has very little self-worth and self-esteem. She is a product of excessive physical and mental abuse. The oppressive brutality of her life continues when she marries Mr. ___, who beats her and subjects her to a life of domestic servitude. Nettie later decides to run away from Fonso’s house because of the constant abuse towards her and decides to move in with Celie and Mr. ___. Nettie sees that life is not that much better at Celie’s house and after Mr. ____ tries to rape her she decides that she must leave there, also. Consequently, Fonso tells Celie that he will make sure her and Nettie never speak again. For many years after Nettie left she writes Celie letters, but Fonzo hides them before Nettie gets them. Fonso tries to break the only bond Celie had that brought her any happiness. It is not until Celie lets women into her life, once again, that her thinking starts to change. The first woman she becomes close to is her daughter- in- law, Sofia. Sofia is very strong and fierce, the total opposite of Celie, and she was not to be ruled over by her husband or anyone else. Sofia fights back when her husband, Harpo (Mr. ’s Son), tries to rule her with an iron fist. Sofia refuses to be oppressed despite the prejudiced society of the 1930s south in which they all live. Sofia instills in Celie a newfound strength. â€Å"Celie is so immersed in oppression, she accepts the point of view of Mr. : she advises Harpo to beat Sofia. Thus, she agrees with her oppressor in the idea that a woman should only obey, work and be silent. After this moment of deep humiliation, Celie has the first serious conversation in the book. Sofia comes to see her, furious, and Celie has to explain her attitude. She discovers she is jealous of Sofia's capacity to fight. This conversation is a new beginning for Celie. Both women find a moment of community, they do something together. The pronoun [pic]us[pic] is finally used: [pic]I laugh. She laugh. Then us both laugh so hard us flop down on the step[pic]. †(Averbach). The woman who has the most profound effect on Celie is Shug Avery, Mr. ___’s mistress whom he has three children with. The reader would probably think that Celie would be deeply hateful of her husband’s mistress. However, she is excited to meet her because Celie feels as though she is everything that Celie could never be. Her first words to Celie though were â€Å"You sure is ugly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Walker, 46), which is probably the most dramatically reinforced proof that Celie has ever had of her own ugliness. Celie even notices that Shug calls Mr. ____ by his real name, Albert, which demonstrates to Celie that Shug is more than just a mere servant to Mr. ____ and that Mr. respects Shug unlike Celie. Mr. ____ goes out of his way to make Shug happy and shows her such respect. Celie doesn’t understand why Shug is worthy of respect but she is not. This reiterates to Celie that Mr. ___ feels like he is superior to her but not to Shug. Shug stays with Celie and Albert for a while when she is sick and Celie takes care of her until she gets better. This is when Celie and Shug bond as woman and friends. Celie is so magnetized to Shug’s independence and freedom that she loves spending this time with her. Shug is the only person, other than Nettie, who has ever treated Celie like a human being and enjoys her company. They share a romantic relationship later on, as well. The significance of Celie and Shug’s sexual relationship is that Celie learns how to be proud of her body and that she learns how to use it to enjoy sexual intercourse. Celie has never truly enjoyed intimacy with any other person. She did it simply because she felt she had to in order to make them happy. Celie becomes Shug's only true friend. Shug is a blues singer and everyone enjoys her while she is on stage or sleeping with them but when she was ill none of her so called â€Å"friends† visited her. Celie was the only one who took care of her and spent time with her when she couldn’t be the life of the party as she usually was. Shug, like Celie never had much affection in her life and never knew how to love or be loved. Shug wrote Celie a song to show her appreciation for Celie and sang it to Celie at one of her concerts. This made Celie feel so good because nobody had ever showed their appreciation for anything that she had ever done. Later on in the novel Shug finds the letters that Nettie had been writing Celie for years. Once Celie finds out that Mr. ___ hid all of Nettie’s letters from her she feels anger and betrayal towards Mr. ____ because she never felt that he would do something so hurtful to her. She was still fearful of him at this point, so she takes all the letters out of the envelopes and leaves the nvelopes, hoping that he wouldn’t find out that she had found Nettie’s letters. As she starts reading the letters she has an epiphany when she realizes that Mr. ____ tried to rape Nettie and that it was the real reason she left. She read of how Nettie was in Africa and how different it was compared to the small farm Celie has lived at most of her life. She finds out th at her sister has been taking care of her two children that she had with Fonso and that Fonso was not her real father. Now she feels she has something to live for and that she does not have to be trapped by Mr. __’s abuse anymore. She has a whole new family, that she thought before were dead. She wants to kill Mr. ____ for hiding all this from her but Shug tells her not to because if she did she would never be able to see her family. Celie eventually leaves town with Shug and Shug’s husband, Grady, to live in Tennessee. As time goes by Celie’s step father passes away and Celie finds out that her real father left her his house and a dry good business. She has found a new independence by running this store. She’s excited because now that she has a house Nettie will have a place to return to. Celie’s relationship with Shug suffers many ups and downs. Shug had moved in with Celie in her new home but left to pursue a younger man. Celie still prevails because of her newfound independence as a business woman. Shug eventually returns and lives with Celie. As Celie’s confidence is built she starts to understand and forgive Mr. _____. The strength of these women combined with their care for one another offer opportunities for all of them to continue growing, despite the racist and sexist world they live in. During the course of the book, they cry together, laugh together, affirm life together, and share one another’s joys. They respect one another. They live in a world that Celie could never have imagined when she was fourteen. Due to her experiences with Shug, Sofia, and Nettie, Celie is able to triumph over the sexual and racial oppression that smothered many of her female ancestors. Works Cited Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Harcourt, Inc. , 2003. Literature Resource Center. Averbach, Margara. 1998. Gale Group. 23 April 2007 Pifer, Lynn. Find Articles. Winter 1998. 19 April 2007 . The Color Purple

Improve Your Planning Skills to Perform Better in College

Improve Your Planning Skills to Perform Better in College College can become a great struggle if you dont know how to balance your school, social life and probably a job. The ability to manage yourself and resources available to you, such as time and circumstances, determines your academic performance. If you want to be a successful and confident learner, you need to improve your planning skills. Why? Because planning and prioritizing will help you stay focused on the most important tasks and complete them on schedule. Here are a few simple tips on how to become more efficient by improving your planning skills. 1. Identify Critical Tasks First of all, you need to determine the most important tasks to make sure that they are done first. Accurately think about the crucial activities to be carried out during a day: maybe you have a scheduled meeting with your professor, a rehearsal with your band, need to conduct a research for your case study or write an urgent essay for your English class. It might be challenging to do it at first but as the time passes, youll be able to define the most relevant tasks among all other daily activities. 2. Arrange Tasks in a Logical Order To accomplish all the tasks that are assigned to you, you need to arrange them in a correct order. List all the things that should be done, the approximate time for their completion and the deadline. Then structure them in the following way: start from the smallest tasks that dont take much time and proceed with the more difficult and time-consuming ones. Do not immediately jump into doing a big task, it will just discourage you. Until you see that you have a lot of things to do, youll be overwhelmed. 3. Establish Priorities You need to differentiate between urgent, important and unimportant tasks. For instance, your essay with a one-day deadline is an urgent task. Starting to make a research for your paper is an important task but not critical. Watching a movie is an unimportant activity for your college performance, unless you need to write a movie review. You need to sort tasks by their significance for your academic success. 4. Create â€Å"To-Do† Lists By making organized â€Å"to-do† lists, youll be able to prioritize the things you need to do, keep track of what should be still accomplished and feel productive and prepared in all areas of your student life. To-do lists come in different shapes and forms, so its all about what works for you. There is a variety of apps that help create a personal to-do list or you can write information by hand to remember it better. Just make sure that your list is simple, specific and displayed in a prominent place to remind you of what is important. 5. Organize Personal Time for Your Responsibilities While planning, you need to find some time for your personal needs and responsibilities. Make sure that you always schedule such things as phone calls to your family, eating out with friends, shopping, etc. Your daily schedule should be realistic and include time for eating, sleeping and going out. If you just plan time for accomplishing the academic assignments, you will become exhausted very soon and wont be able to manage your workload. 6. Work Step-By-Step Working step-by-step will help you achieve a better output. If you have a systematic workflow and follow it, youll be more organized. Check your to-do list from time to time to make certain that you are on track and always cross out the tasks you have already completed. The feeling of progress will motivate you to do quality work in a faster way. 7. Remember the 6 Ps of Planning Proper Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance. Planning skills are important in everything you do. A person who is organized can deal with all the tasks more effectively in less time. Once you start developing your planning skills, youll see how a more productive student you become. You want to complete everything faster, dont you? Then force yourself to plan! If you need help in creating long-term plans, check out our infographics on How to Write a 5 Year Plan.

Jaws

"Jaws" (1975) made Spielberg famous and the sequels continued to put him in the position of one of the most popular directors in America. "Jaws" also holds the record for the highest grossing film of all time. In my eyes, I believe that shows you a little something about the movie - it had to be good! "Jaws" was Spielberg's big jump into the movie business. Several other movies increased his fame and fortune in the movie industry, such as the "Indiana Jones" Trilogy (1981, 1984 Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio, but now resides in California. He attended college at California State University of Long Beach. Unlike George Lucas, John Carpenter and other successful young American filmmakers of the last two decades, Spielberg did not attend one of the major American university film programs. Largely self taught, he made his first feature, a two-hour science fiction movie entitled "Firelight", at the age of sixteen, and a local movie house in Phoenix, Arizona agreed to run it for one evening. He also made three television movies, one of which, "Duel" (1971), was released theatrically in Europe where it earned both critical praise and commercial success. It is the story of a salesman (played by Dennis Weaver) who was pursued by a giant diesel truck whose driver is never seen nor it's motive explained. But Spielberg is able to pull it off with his sure handling of suspense. Before he was ever hired by anyone in the movie industry, he happened to be on a tour of Universal Studios. He jumped of the tour bus and started to wander off into the studios and found an abandoned janitor's closet which later became his office. He started hanging around there and began giving his ideas to anyone who would listen and asked them to try to propose his ideas to their managers. He needed to prove that he had g...

RECRUITMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RECRUITMENT - Essay Example Employers will not have to take drastic measures aimed at increasing employee morale; this is because the employee during the application process already knew what she was getting into in the first place. The approach is also strategic in that the employee will eliminate applicants whose motivation in the work place will be derailed by the negative aspects of the job. This saves time and resources for the employer in terms of not training an employee who will not match up the job’s expectations. On the other hand, the applicant is given a chance to look for a different job, which matches up her expectations (Pickard 1). The first disadvantage associated with this approach is the fact that many applicants become discouraged and develop negative attitudes towards a task they have not already engaged. For instance, presenting the applicants with videos depicting views of other employees regarding their job may instill negativity in an employee who is highly motivated. This is true because some employees are usually more motivated than others; they see any negativity as an avenue for a new opportunity (Pickard 1). The second disadvantage is on the side of the employer. Many capable employees will be turned down, and the employer will be obligated to channel more resources to be used for advertisement purposes. The employer will waste a lot of time looking for suitable employees and this result in unproductive working days (Pickard 1). The third disadvantage is that the method kills any morale or inner motivation from an applicant. The employees in the video may state many positive aspects of the job and a single negative aspect. The applicants may come to register the negative aspect, which results in killing their morale for that job. The negativity expressed by the employees maybe personal, furthermore it may also be difficult to prove the truthfulness of the employees in the video

Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Summarize - Essay Example This resulted in the issuance of Basel II by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), which was set by the governors of the G10 countries. In the attempt of Basel II to increase the amount of capital held by banks, the concept of operational risk was introduced for the first time. Following this move, the Capital Requirements Directive was introduced in the EU, and shortly after the ICAAP was developed. The provisions of Basel II included the setting of the minimum capital to be held by banks, the risk types covered, the winding down requirement for businesses and company’s disclosure requirements. The application of Basel II started with the banks and insurers and then Asset management firms and brokerages. The approach towards the application of the Basel II by these institutions was determined by both the complexity and the size of the institutions. Thus, since 2000, the subject of risk management started to grow, and different approaches to the concept started to developed. The requirements of risk management are risk appetite, defined as how much risk a firm is ready to accept, the risk assessment process, KRI’s-the metric showing when a risk is about to occur, error management, risk technology and risk governance. Between 2002 and 2010 the setting up of risk management departments continued, while negative organizational culture also emerged as a big operational risk. The rise of operational risks was marked by noughties frauds valued at $22.31bn, followed by John Rusnak Allied Irish Bank fraud 2002 and then the Peter Young Morgan Grenfell trading fraud 1997. The collapse of the Lehman Brothers in 2008 continued the rogue trading and risk operational activities, causing a regulatory reaction by the EU, which pushed the limits on fund management higher. Subsequently, the Basel III, CRD 2 and 3 Solvency II were also developed to push up the industry understanding of the risk management. This was followed by

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Business law - Essay Example In well known case Donogue VS Stevenson * the Court decided that the manufacturer is liable for the act done because everybody owes a duty of reasonable care to their neighbour.In this case Mrs. Donogue made a valid claim that her continuous illness is due to the consumption of drink in which the decomposed snail was found and it was due to the negligence of manufacturer Mr. Stevenson. Now let’s discuss how the above said principles are applicable to the given cases and also we‘ll advise the parties to the case that how can they resort to these principles to get the benefit of the Law. Since the maintaining the activities of the park in a proper manner are the first and foremost duty of the local council as the maintainer of the park, it owes some duty towards others. The local council must take reasonable standard of care regarding the activities of the park so that it should not cause any harm to the passersby. In the famous case Boulton VS Stone** it was held that defendant should take reasonable care to avoid injuries. here also. The gardner had to take reasonable care in arranging the flower pot in the right side of the path so that harm to the others should be avoided .Here it is obvious that the gardner has done the breach of duty by arranging the pots in the wrong side, hence Mrs.Marple can file a case against the gardner as defendant and entitled to get compensation from him for the injury caused to her. It is apparent from above discussions that Mrs. Turtle can sue the Local council and the doctor as defendants and they are liable to pay off the damages. As said before the local council had to exercise due cares regarding the maintenance of those play amenities in the park as same way in the activities of the park. Mrs. Turtle can sue the doctor as there was a breach of duty on the part of doctor. If he attended Gemma in appropriate manner,

Literacy Essay Essay Example for Free

Literacy Essay Essay For as long as I can remember literature has always played an important role in my life. As a young child, I can remember how excited I’d be at story time each night before bed. My interest in literature carried on throughout my school years from kindergarten when I was placed in the red bird group, which was the group of strongest readers†¦. to high school†¦when I had the benefit of being taught by one of the best English teachers ever, Ms. Irena King. Now as an adult and professional, I am very appreciative of the literary foundation that was laid for me by my family and my teachers. I understand how important literacy is in everyday life. First, as a young child, literacy played a very important role in my life even before I could read. I was always fond of books of all kinds. Coloring books, magazines, and picture books†¦I loved them all. I remember each trip to the grocery store; I would always get a new Little Golden Book. I absolutely had to have the entire collection and would want them read to me each night before bed. My favorite of this collection was The Gingerbread Man. I would sit for hours and look at the pictures. My mother would often encourage me to keep an interest in books. She always kept a subscription of Highlights Magazine for me and I would watch the mail each day in hopes that a new issue had arrived. As I grew older, my love for books did not change, but the type of books I wanted did. I had the largest collection of Sweet Valley High books and was a faithful subscriber to Fresh Magazine. I think that these are some of my fondest memories from my childhood, and I am so appreciative of my familys support of my passion for reading. Next, my interest for literature carried on from my early years to my school years. This was very evident when I started kindergarten. I vividly remember there were different groups within our kindergarten class.

The Effect Of Financial Constraints On Small And Medium Enterprises Finance Essay

The Effect Of Financial Constraints On Small And Medium Enterprises Finance Essay CHAPTER 1 Introduction The relation between financial constraints and the survival and growth of the SME has been document across Africa and world. The researcher will look at the economy of Kenya and make evident of the financial constraints that are facing the small and medium enterprise hence affecting the survival and growth of small and medium size enterprises. There is a need to research in this field since the SME are the backbone of the Kenyan economy. In fact with the growing inflation, not to mention the difficulties the SME have in accessing the financial aids they are barely making it to the second birthday. Overview of the Context Kenyan is a developing country in Africa. The increasing role of the SME sector is confirmed by the recently completed Kenya 2003 Economic Survey, According to the survey, total employment recorded in the informal sector increased from 3.7 employees in 1999 to 5.1 million in 2002, while the formal sector increased only from 1.74 million to 1.76 million employees during the same period. However, the growth of the informal sector in number of employees does not necessarily reflect growth and high productivity of the enterprise itself, as the number of informal sector companies grew largely because of the depressed formal economy and under employment in the formal firms. Having said that, the SME in Kenya faces a lot of challenges and one of them is the financial constrains which really inhibits its growth and survival. Hence the call for this research paper. The researcher will use the research methodologies to extract evidence that really financial constraints is a major factor that affect the growth and survival of the SME in Kenya. Statement of the problem. In Kenya, SME have little access to finance, which thus hampers their emergence and eventual growth and survival. Financial constraint remains a major challenge facing SME in Kenya Wanjohi and Mugure (2008) and this will be evidence in this research paper. Their main sources of capital are their retained earnings and informal savings and loan associations, which are unpredictable and not very secure. SME can rarely meet the conditions set by financial institutions, which see them as a risk because of poor guarantees and lack of information about their ability to repay loans. The financial system in most of Africa is under-developed however and so provides few financial instruments. The researcher has come up with some of the reasons why SME find it hard to access finance in Kenya: High interest rates by the financial institutions Delay in the loan processing due to lack of securities and other requirements by the financial institutions. Some of the SME do not have a good track records hence most of the local banks fear to give them the unsecured loans. Banks are particularly nervous of smaller businesses due to a perception that they represent a greater credit risk. Kariukis (1995) study of bank credit access in Kenya illustrates this point further. A survey of 89 small and medium-scale firms in manufacturing and service industries, combined with secondary information from commercial banks, found that from 1985 to 1990 the average real volume of credit for the sample firms fell, except for the year 1986 which showed a marginal increase of 1.5 per cent. Small scale borrowers were found to be faced with higher nominal interest rates at higher inflation rates in the latter half of the 1980s. Moreover, the explicit transactions costs of borrowing were found to be high in relation to interest costs. Because the information is not available in other ways, SME will have to provide it when they seek finance. They will need to give a business plan, list of the company assets, details of the experience of directors and managers and demonstrate how they can give providers of finance some security for amounts provided. The researcher recognized that in the current context of the most severe financial and economic crisis in decades, various factors such as increased risk aversion, decreased liquidity, bleak prospects for economic growth, etc. are having or are expected to have a highly negative effect on SME and entrepreneurs access to short and long term financing. Small firms are particularly vulnerable because: It is more difficult for them to downsize since they are already small. They are individually less diversified in their activities. They have weaker financial structures or lower capitalization. They have lower or no credit ratings. They are heavily dependent on credit. They have fewer options for finance, especially in financial markets. With this in view, the measures that most governments are taking or planning to take to counteract the effects of the crisis and stimulate their economies should include easing SME and entrepreneurship access to finance. Numerous money lenders in the name of Pyramid schemes comes up, promising hope among the SME that they can make it to the financial freedom through soft borrowing. The rationale behind turning to these schemes among a good number of entrepreneurs is mainly to seek alternatives and soft credit with low interest rates while making profits. Objectives The general objective of the research is to establish the effects that the financial constraints have on the survival and growth of the small and medium enterprises in Kenya. Some of the specific objective that the researcher will bare in the study will evolve around the small and medium sized enterprises in Kenya. To establish effect of economic activities on the survival and growth of the SME in Kenya. To assess the impact of high interest rates by local commercial banks on the survival and growth of the small and medium sized enterprises in Kenya. To establish the effect of commercial banks lending policies and access to credit on the growth and financial performance of SME in Kenya. To establish the effect of the firm capital structure on the growth and survival of the small and medium enterprises in Kenya. To establish the impact of government policies in Kenya on the economic growth on the survival and growth of the small and medium business. 1.5 Research Questions How do high interest rates affect the survival and growth of the firm in Kenya? What effect do the banks lending policies and access to credit have on the growth and survival of the SME in Kenya? How do the government policies in Kenya on the economic growth affect the survival and growth of the small and medium sized business? What effect do the external borrowings have on the survival and growth of the small business enterprises in Kenya? How the economic activities affect the growth and survival of the firm in Kenya? 1.6 The significance of the study. Small and medium sized enterprises are the backbone of virtually all economies in the world. However, the process has long been constrained by the limited availability and accessibility of financial resources to meet a variety of operational and investment needs within the SME sectors. SME and entrepreneurs play a significant role in all economies and are key agents of employment, innovation and growth. A significant number of entrepreneurs and SME could use funds productively if they were available, but are often denied access to financing, thus impeding their creation, survival and growth. Although SME form a broad spectrum as far as their relative size, sector of activity, seniority, location and performance are concerned; there is a vital need for innovative solutions for their financing in particular for innovative and high- growth SME in a globalised knowledge-based economy. The researcher however will be interested to know how does this financial constraints really affect the growth and survival of SME and she will undertake the study t establish the necessary fact that make the growth of SME restrained in Kenya. 1.7 The scope of the study. The Kenya government is commitment to foster the growth of SME emerged as one of the key strategies in the 1986 report Economic Management for Renewed Growth. It was reinforced as a priority in the 1989 report, The Strategy for Small Enterprise Development in Kenya a document that set out the mechanisms for removing constraints to growth of the SME sector. In 1992, the government published the SME policy report, Sessional Paper No. 2, Small Enterprises and Jua Kali Development in Kenya. This report was reviewed in 2002, leading to a new policy framework that provides a balanced focus to SME development in line with the national goals of fostering growth, employment creation, income generation, poverty reduction and industrialization SME in Kenya have not seen much development since Kenyan independence due to financial constraints and other factors that are not going to be discussed on this research paper. Small enterprises have a potentiality of boosting a kenya economy. Although they are faced by many challenges, they still have opportunities to grow. These include linkage with multinational companies, networks with other businesses, diversification of market and products, enabling environment and franchising opportunities which is geatly being encouraged the coalition government that is currently running the government of Kenya although the impact has yet to felt on the small and medium enterpeises due to its size and limied resources. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction. Kenya being a developing country, the researcher will borrow some of empirical research done by experts in other developed and developing countries. A large number of empirical studies have addressed the issue of financial constraints, mainly in order to study the relation between the firms investments and the availability of internal and external funds. Under perfect capital markets, internal and external sources of financial funds are perfectly substitutable Modigliani and Miller (1958), so that the availability of internal funds should not affect investment decisions. Small firms cannot exploit economies of scale in the same way as large firms can they face more financial constraints. Since young companies have not accumulated sufficient cash flow and are unable to rely on bank financing, they have to depend on the equity investments. The analysis of the effects of financial constraints on the firm survival and growth therefore is important. 2.2 Theoretical account of financial constraints The financing constraint literature has been the first to recognize that partitioning firms helps to provide important insights into their behaviors. The pioneers in this field have undoubtedly been Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988) who point out the fact that firms are definitely not homogeneous. They classify firms according to their dividend payout ratio. Their main aim in doing this is to show that firms that have different dividend payout ratios and therefore belong to different categories, have differential access to finance. Some firms are financially constrained while others are not. Following Fazzari, Hubbard and Petersen (1988), a number of studies have tried to distinguish between various categories of firms. For instance, Whited (1992) uses measures of indebtedness, interest coverage, and whether or not a firm has a bond rating to discriminate among firms. Kaplan and Zingales (1997) use both quantitative and qualitative data to distinguish among firms.Bond et al (1999) classify firms according to whether a firm operates in a bank-based or market-based system.Cleary (1999) uses a financial constraint index to differentiate between firms, which takes into account a number of factors such as firm liquidity, leverage, profitability, and growth. Carpenter and Guariglia (2003) use the number of employees to distinguish between large and small firms. However, the factor common to all these studies is that they have tried to discriminate only within firms that have access to capital markets. A high percentage of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises remains in the informal sector with limited opportunities for growth. Africa has one of the largest informal sectors in the world, World Bank, (2006). In Kenya the availability of finance tends to be extremely limited and difficulty to get external financing as researcher came to find out on this quest on the Kenya town and from the SME managers. The SME financial resources are usually restricted to equity capital and bank debt to those who are able to access it. As the business establishes itself, however, it gains access to resources from its own productive activity and sources of external finance. According to Aghion (2007), access to external finance improves market selection by allowing small firms to be more competitive. Additionally, financial accessibility significantly facilitates the growth of firms. Unlike large firms, SME are restricted in their funding options. Therefore, a new hierarchy of sources of finance for SM E can be defined. In this new hierarchy of sources of finance for SME there are three sources of finance, internal finance, debt finance and new capital contributions. Large firms that have access to capital markets are able to issue equity; however, SME do not normally have access to this form of finance of new capital contributions Cost of new debt financing Cost of internal finance 2.3 The Financial constraint variables According to many studies, small firms do not even recognize their own growth potential Scott Rosa (1996).This is more evident in the research since most of the managers of the small and medium size enterprises are more concerned about the survival of the firm rather than the growth of the firm in most Kenya region. This research however will look at some of the variables that help to clarify this phrase in the Kenyan market. 2.3.1 The effect of government policies. Similar evidence regarding the lack of importance given by small scale enterprises to tax policies is also found in Southern Africa, including Niger, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Malawi, and Zimbabwe Mead (1994). Studies for these locations found little concern for government regulations, except from those enterprises concentrated in targeted locations and specific sectors such as food processing. Instead the greatest concern for the majority of those surveyed was the lack of access to working capital, credit and finance. 2.3.2 The effect of commercial bank lending rates and access to credit. According to Holmes and Kent (1991), SME are characterized by 2 factors: they cannot issue equity and are concerned about ownership and control. Small firms usually do not have the option of issuing additional equity to the public. Even if they were able to issue private equity, managers of SME would restrain from doing so as issuing equity would lead to a dilution in ownership and control. Therefore, managers of SME will usually prefer to go for debt financing, mainly comprising of bank financing. On the other hand, managers of larger firms usually consider a broader range of funding options. As Steel (1994) highlights, high transactions costs and risks associated with small loans, a lack of collateral and an historical orientation towards larger enterprises, continue to restrict small scale enterprise access to formal credit. This no different from Kenya where access to credit is really issue and Kariukis (1995) study of bank credit access in Kenya illustrates this point further. 2.3.3 The impact of government policies Data on the SME sector in Kenya is scarce, although the National SME Baseline Survey provides comprehensive and reliable information; it has not been updated since 1999 and does not contain information for medium-sized firms. The survey indicates that the contribution of the SME sector to GDP increased from 13.8 percent in 1993 to 18.4 percent in 1999.Thia shows that the government policies put in place in Kenya also do affect the growth and survival of the small and medium size enterprises. 2.3.4 The effect of internal capital structure. It should be noted that growth is not the objective of all firms. For example, when firms are faced with serious difficulties during periods of economic downturns, they may shift their objective from growth to survival waiting for better economic conditions to expand. This has been observed in crisis economies where firms downsize and try to keep their costs as low as possible until the economic situation improves. Some firms may choose to remain small if their entrepreneurial capabilities are inconsistent with large size because financial constraints force the poor to start small business, the lack of firm growth could result in social immobility where the small firms remain poor. On the other hand, if small firms have the potential of becoming large, poor firm owners could become rich as their firms expand. Moreover, firm growth in Africa, where technology is usually labour intensive, is usually associated with job creation, which in turn is the key to poverty reduction. Therefore, whether firms have potential to grow or remain small has important policy implications. Slow growth of firms in Africa has been explained as being the result of the lack of access to financial resources McCormick et al. (1997) and Biggs and Srivastava, (1996). This is particular to developing economies where financial markets are under-developed. 2.4 Conceptual Framework. The financial constrained as outlined above is a diverse business phenomena that need to be researched since its the back bone of any business growth and survival may it be a small business in the slums or a major manufacturing business. The researcher is mainly focused on the small and unquoted firms in Kenya. The local commercial banks have a role to play in all this and so is the government. The firm own capital structure also do contribute a lot to the survival and growth of the firm. In Kenya the economic activities that are carried out also influence a lot the GDP of the country hence the economic growth. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The researcher will mainly use secondary research methodology although the tertiary methodology or the search tool will also be used for the purpose of this research. This will include books, magazines, newspapers to collect data and information regarding the topic. The researcher will also make use of the internet to obtain information about SME and other related information. Secondary data are data that have been collected for some other purpose. Secondary data can provide a useful source from which to answer the research question(s). Punch (1998) mentions several advantages of using existing data. Expenditure on obtaining data can be significantly reduced and data analysis can begin immediately, so saving time. Also, the quality of some data may be superior to anything the researcher could have created alone Thomas (2004). On the other hand, the chosen research method also has several disadvantages such as data that have been gathered by others for their own purposes can be diffic ult to interpret when they are taken out of their original context. It is also much more difficult to appreciate the weak points in data that have been obtained by others. 3.2 Research Area The propose research area is the SME in Kenya. The length of time within which to finish this project will be estimated one month since time and resources might be a major constraint. The researcher proposes to choose at least 15 major towns in Kenya since Small business are all over the country and do research in a at least 10 firms in each town, so as to capture the operation of financial reporting in the country so as to ascertain whether financial constraints are really a major constraint in the survival and growth of small and medium size business in Kenya. As a mean of testing the hypothesis of the study, the researcher will apply the methods below of data collection. 3.3 Observation To judge the effect of financial constrains on survival and growth of a small business in Kenya. The researcher will have to visit the local banks and financial institutions and find out how ones access to finance limits the growth of the business. I propose to use time-series method to judge the observation. The observation will assist me to ascertain that the formal financial sector has provided very little or no service to small business men hence they are unable to finance their small business. 3.4 Interview This will be conducted individually. Structured and unstructured questions will be used to collect information on the subject under investigation. This is to help the researcher obtain responses to questions like; in your view is business growing? How best can it be financed? ,and others. I propose to conduct the interview in such a manner that each sector will have equal probability of being selected. Interviews will enable me to do most of the qualitative part of my research, and the information gained here is usually more realistic. 3.5 Questionnaire I will prepare systematic and well organized questions that will enable me; have responses to the questions raised in the introduction and moreover test the hypothesis of the research. This is demonstrated in Chapter 1 where several questions to this effect have been formulated. 3.6 Data Analysis I will not only rely solely on the information from the various responses from the varied sectors but, also the statistical publications from international organization in Kenya who have done a similar research on SME. I propose to make a thorough analysis of the official and unofficial data received. I will propose the use of quantitative and the qualitative analysis. REFRENCES Punch, K F. (1998), Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Kariuki N (1995) The Effects of Liberalization on Access to Bank Credit in Kenya, Small Enterprise Development, 6 (1), 15-23 Central Bureau of Statistics, International Center for Economic Growth, and K-Rep Holdings, National Micro and Small Enterprise Baseline Survey, 1999. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and National Development, Economic Survey, 2003 Wanjohi, A.M. and Mugure, A.(2008). Factors affecting the growth of MSEs in rural areas of Kenya: A case of ICT firms in Kiserian Township, Kajiado District of Kenya. Republic of Kenya (1992). Sessional Paper No. 2 on Small Enterprises and Jua Kali Development in Kenya. Government Printer, Nairobi Biggs, T. and Srivastava, P. (1996) Structural Aspects of Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from a Seven Country Enterprise survey, World Bank Discussion paper No. 346. Modigliani, F. and Miller, M. (1958), the cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. Aghion, P., Fally, T. and Scarpetta, S. (2007): Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms, Economic Policy, vol. 22 (52): 731-790. Savignac, F. (2008): The impact of financial constraints on innovation: what can be learned from a direct measure? Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Volume 17 (6):553-569. Petersen, M. and Rajan, R. (1994): The benefits of firm-creditor relationships: Evidence from small business data, Journal of Finance, 49, 3-38. Aghion, P., Fally, T. and Scarpetta, S. (2007): Credit constraints as a barrier to the entry and post-entry growth of firms, Economic Policy, vol. 22 (52): 731-790. World Bank. (2006) Doing Business in 2005. The World Bank. Washington D. C., USA. Scott, M. Rosa, P. (1996). Opinion: Has Firm Level Analysis Reached its Limits? Time for a rethink. International Small Business Journal 14, 4, 81-89. Mead D (1994) The legal, regulatory and tax framework and small enterprises, Small Enterprise Development, 5 (2), 10-17 Steel W (1994) Changing the institutional and policy environment for small enterprise development in Africa, Small Enterprise Development, 5 (2), 4-9 Kaplan, S. and L. Zingales (1997), Do investment-cash-flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, pp169-216. Whited, T. (1992), Debt, Liquidity Constraints and Corporate Investment:Evidence from Panel Data, Journal of Finance, 4 ,pp1425-1460. Kaplan, S. and L. Zingales (1997), Do investment-cash-flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? Quarterly Journal of Economics,112, pp169-216. Carpenter R.E and A. Guariglia (2003), Cash Flow, Investment and Investment Opportunities: New Tests using UK panel Data, Unpublished. Fazzari, S., G. Hubbard, and B. Petersen (1988), Financing Constraints and Corporate Investment, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, pp141-95. Holmes, S. and Kent, P., (1991), An Empirical Analysis of the Financial Structure of Small and Large Australian Manufacturing Enterprises, Journal of Small Business Finance, 1 (2), pp141-154. QUESTIONNAIRES. Why did you choose to start a business in this area? Does your business follow the government policies in regard to paying taxes Yes â‚ ¬Ã‚  No â‚ ¬Ã‚  What is the number of the employees in your business? How is the business in this area affected by the economy trends preferring at the moment? Who is the highest ranking member of your business? What is the annual turnover of your business? Where does your business get the initial capital to start it up? What is your source of financing? What form of financial instruments do you have in place? Which banking or financial sectors do you operate in your business? How do the interest rates affect your business? What are some of the difficulties do you experience when getting bank access? What can you say is the reason for your business failure to grow? How is the government policies put in place in Kenya helping you achieve your financial goals? What are the major issues does your enterprise face when accessing credit facilities in the banking sectors in the Kenya? What would you say is the challenge facing the small business in Kenya in terms of finances?